Cardinal signs of inflammation

The cardinal signs of inflammation (also known as Celsus' signs) are:

 

Mnemonic- 

RTDC (Root, Trunk, Division, Cord) 

RTDC (Rubor, Tumor, Dolor, Calor) 

 

1. Rubor (Redness) – Due to increased blood flow (hyperemia) from vasodilation.

 

2. Tumor (Swelling) – Results from fluid leakage (edema) due to increased vascular permeability.

 

3. Dolor (Pain) – Due to chemical mediators like bradykinin and prostaglandins stimulating nerve endings.

 

4. Calor (Heat) – Caused by increased blood flow and metabolic activity in the inflamed area.

 

5. Functio laesa (Loss of function) – Described later by Virchow, this refers to impaired function due to pain and swelling.

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