Chronic inflammatory conditions-
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)
• Oriental cholangiohepatitis
• Hepatitis C infection
Parasitic infections-
• Opisthorchis viverrini
• Clonorchis sinensis
Congenital-
• Choledochal cysts
• Caroli's disease
Chemical agents-
• Thorium dioxide (Thorotrast)
• Vinyl chloride
• Dioxin
• Asbestos
Post surgical-
• Biliary-enteric anastomosis