Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms.
It primarily results from the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain.
Pathophysiology-
- Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra → decreased dopamine in the basal ganglia.
- Imbalance between dopamine and acetylcholine → motor dysfunction.
- Lewy bodies: Intracellular inclusions containing alpha-synuclein in affected neurons.
Clinical Features-
Motor Symptoms (TRAP):
- Tremor: Resting tremor, "pill-rolling" character.
- Rigidity: Increased muscle tone, "cogwheel rigidity."
- Akinesia/Bradykinesia: Slowness of voluntary movements.
- Postural Instability: Impaired balance and coordination (late feature).
Non-Motor Symptoms:
Cognitive decline and dementia (late stage).