|
|
Hypotonic solution (eg. 0.45% NaCl) |
Isotonic solution (eg. 0.9% NaCl) |
Hypertonic solution (eg. 2% NaCl) |
|
ECF Volume |
Increase |
Increase |
Increase |
|
ECF Osmolality |
Decrease |
No change |
Increase |
|
ICF Volume |
Increase |
No change |
Decrease |
|
ICF Osmolality |
Decrease |
No change |
Increase |
|
Condition |
Example |
ECF Volume |
ICF Volume |
Condition |
ECF Osmolarity |
ICF Osmolarity |
|
Hypotonic expansion |
• Water intoxication • Excessive water |
↑ |
↑ |
Hypotonic expansion |
↓ |
↓ |
|
Hypotonic contraction |
Adrenal insufficiency (loss of Na⁺) |
↓ |
↑ |
Hypotonic contraction |
↓ |
↓ |
|
Isotonic expansion |
IV infusion of |
↑ |
No change |
Isotonic expansion |
Normal |
Normal |
|
Isotonic contraction |
• Hemorrhage • Diarrhea |
↓ |
No change |
Isotonic contraction |
Normal |
Normal |
|
Hypertonic expansion |
Excess intake of |
↑ |
↓ |
Hypertonic expansion |
↑ |
↑ |
|
Hypertonic contraction |
Dehydration (water loss > salt |
↓ Decreases |
↓ Decreases |
Hypertonic contraction |
↑ |
↑ |